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Rapidshare Metallica-For whom the bell tolls Download

2009-03-01T23:04:00.000-08:00

Rapidshare free download links

http://rapidshare.com/files/54700324/Metallica_-_For_Whom_Bell_Tolls.mp3

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http://rapidshare.com/files/117291399/Metallica_-_For_Whom_The_Bell_Tolls.mp3

http://rapidshare.com/files/129491715/Metallica_-_02_-_For_Whom_The_Bell_Tolls.mp3

http://rapidshare.com/files/29275909/Metallica_-_For_Whom_The_Bell_Tolls__live_.mpg

http://rapidshare.com/files/29275909/Metallica_-_For_Whom_The_Bell_Tolls__live_.mpg

http://rapidshare.com/files/130102704/Metallica_-_04_-_For_Whom_The_Bell_Tolls__Live_.mp3

Rapidshare Metallica - Nothing Else Matters Download

2009-03-01T22:57:00.000-08:00

RAPIDSHARE LINKIN PARK crawling download

2009-03-01T11:11:00.000-08:00

http://rapidshare.com/files/69700032/Linkin_park_-_Crawling.mp3

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Linkin Park - Somewhere I Belong lyrics

2009-03-01T09:58:00.000-08:00

(When this began)
I had nothin' to say,
And I'd get lost in the nothingness inside of me,
(I was confused)
And I'd let it all out to find,
That I'm not the only person with these things in mind,
(Inside of me)
But all the vacancy the words revealed,
Is the only real thing that I've got left to feel,
(Nothin' to lose)
Just stuck,
Hollow and alone,
And the fault is my own
And the fault is my own

I wanna heal,
I wanna feel,
What I thought was never real,
I wanna let go of the pain I've felt so long,
(Erase all the pain 'til it's gone)
I wanna heal,
I wanna feel,
Like I am close to something real,
I wanna find something I've wanted all along,
Somewhere I Belong,

And I've got nothin' to say,
I can't believe I didn't fall right down on my face,
(I was confused)
Lookin' everywhere,
Only to find that it's not the way I had imagined it all in my mind,
(So what am I)
What do I have but negativity,
'Cause I can't justify the way everyone is lookin' at me,
(Nothin' to lose)
Nothin' to gain,
Hollow and alone,
And the fault is my own
And the fault is my own

I wanna heal,
I wanna feel,
What I thought was never real,
I wanna let go of the pain I felt so long
(Erase all the pain 'till it's gone)
I wanna heal,
I wanna feel,
Like I am close to something real,
I wanna find something I wanted all along
Somewhere I Belong

I will never know,
Myself until I do this on my own,
And I will never feel,
Anything else, until my wounds are healed,
I will never be,
Anything 'til I break away from me,
And I will break away,
I'll find myself today,

I wanna heal,
I wanna feel,
What I thought was never real,
I wanna let go of the pain I felt so long,
(Erase all the pain 'till it's gone)
I wanna heal,
I wanna feel,
Like I am close to something real,
I wanna find something I wanted all along,
Somewhere I Belong

I wanna heal,
I wanna feel like I'm
Somewhere I Belong

I wanna heal,
I wanna feel like I'm
Somewhere I Belong

Somewhere I Belong

Linkin Park - From The Inside lyrics

2009-03-01T09:56:00.001-08:00

I don’t know who to trust, no surprise
Everyone feels so far away from me
Heavy thoughts sift through dust, and the lies
Trying not to break, but I’m so tired of this deceit
Every time I try to make myself get back up on my feet
All I ever think about is this, all the tiring time between
And how trying to put my trust in you just takes so much out of me

Take everything from the inside
And throw it all away
‘Cause I swear for the last time
I won’t trust myself with you

Tension is building inside, steadily
Everyone feels so far away from me
Heavy thoughts forcing their way out of me

Trying not to break, but I’m so tired of this deceit
Every time I try to make myself get back up on my feet
All I ever think about is this, all the tiring time between
And how trying to put my trust in you just takes so much out of me

Take everything from the inside
And throw it all away
Cause I swear for the last time
I won’t trust myself with you
I won’t waste myself on you!!!
You!!!
You!!!
Waste myself on you!!!
You!!!
You!!!

I’ll take everything from the inside
And throw it all away
‘Cause I swear for the last time
I won’t trust myself with you
Everything from the inside
And just throw it all away
‘Cause I swear for the last time
I won’t trust myself with you
You
You
You

Linkin Park & Jay Z - Numb / Encore lyrics

2009-03-01T09:55:00.000-08:00

Thank you, thank you, thank you, you're far too kind

Now can I get an encore, do you want more
Cookin raw with the Brooklyn boy
So for one last time I need y'all to roar

Now what the hell are you waitin for
After me, there shall be no more
So for one last time, nigga make some noise

Get em Jay

Who you know fresher than Hov'? Riddle me that
The rest of y'all know where I'm lyrically at
Can't none of y'all mirror me back
Yeah hearin me rap is like hearin G. Rap in his prime
I'm, young H.O., rap's Grateful Dead
Back to take over the globe, now break bread
I'm in, Boeing jets, Global Express
Out the country but the blueberry still connect
On the low but the yacht got a triple deck
But when you Young, what the fuck you expect? Yep, yep
Grand openin, grand closin
God your man Hov' cracked the can open again
Who you gon' find doper than him with no pen
just draw off inspiration
Soon you gon' see you can't replace him
with cheap imitations for DESE GENERATIONS

Now can I get an encore, do you want more
Cookin raw with the Brooklyn boy
So for one last time I need y'all to roar

Now what the hell are you waitin for
After me, there shall be no more
So for one last time, nigga make some noise

What the hell are you waiting for

[sighs] Look what you made me do, look what I made for you
Knew if I paid my dues, how will they pay you
When you first come in the game, they try to play you
Then you drop a couple of hits, look how they wave to you
From Marcy to Madison Square
To the only thing that matters in just a matter of years (yea)
As fate would have it, Jay's status appears
to be at an all-time high, perfect time to say goodbye
When I come back like Jordan, wearin the 4-5
It ain't to play games witchu
It's to aim at you, probably maim you
If I owe you I'm blowin you to smithereeens
Cocksucker take one for your team
And I need you to remember one thing (one thing)
I came, I saw, I conquered
From record sales, to sold out concerts
So muh'fucker if you want this encore
I need you to scream, 'til your lungs get sore

I'm tired of being what you want me to be
Feeling so faithless lost under the surface
Don't know what you're expecting of me
Put under the pressure of walking in your shoes
(Caught in the undertow just caught in the undertow)
Every step that I take is another mistake to you
(Caught in the undertow just caught in the undertow)
And every second I waste is more than I can take

I've become so numb I can't feel you there
I've become so tired so much more aware
I'm becoming this all I want to do
Is be more like me and be less like you

I've become so numb
Can I get an encore, do you want more (more...)
I've become so numb
So for one last time I need y'all to roar
One last time I need y'all to roar

Linkin Park - Papercut lyrics

2009-03-01T09:50:00.001-08:00

Why does it feel like night today?
Something in here's not right today.
Why am I so uptight today?
Paranoia's all I got left
I don't know what stressed me first
Or how the pressure was fed
But I know just what it feels like
To have a voice in the back of my head
It's like a face that I hold inside
A face that awakes when I close my eyes
A face watches every time I lie
A face that laughs every time I fall
(And watches everything)
So I know that when it's time to sink or swim
That the face inside is hearing me
Right underneath my skin

It's like I'm paranoid lookin' over my back
It's like a whirlwind inside of my head
It's like I can't stop what I'm hearing within
It's like the face inside is right beneath my skin

I know I've got a face in me
Points out all my mistakes to me
You've got a face on the inside too and
Your paranoia's probably worse
I don't know what set me off first but I know what I can't stand
Everybody acts like the fact of the matter is
I can't add up to what you can but
Everybody has a face that they hold inside
A face that awakes when I close my eyes
A face watches every time they lie
A face that laughs every time they fall
(And watches everything)
So you know that when it's time to sink or swim
That the face inside is watching you too
Right inside your skin

It's like I'm paranoid lookin' over my back
It's like a whirlwind inside of my head
It's like I can't stop what I'm hearing within
It's like the face inside is right beneath my skin

The face inside is right beneath your skin

The sun goes down
I feel the light betray me

Linkin Park - With You lyrics

2009-03-01T09:48:00.001-08:00

I woke up in a dream today
To the cold of the static and put my cold feet on the floor
Forgot all about yesterday
Remembering I'm pretending to be where I'm not anymore
A little taste of hypocrisy
And I'm left in the wake of the mistake
Slow to react
Even though you're so close to me
You're still so distant
And I can't bring you back

It's true
The way I feel
Was promised by your face
The sound of your voice
Painted on my memories
Even if you're not with me
I'm with you
You
Now I see
Keeping everything inside
(With You)
You
Now I see
Even when I close my eyes

I hit you and you hit me back
We fall to the floor
The rest of the day stands still
Fine line between this and that
When things go wrong I pretend the past isn't real
Now I'm trapped in this memory
And I'm left in the wake of the mistake
Slow to react
Even though you're close to me
You're still so distant
And I can't bring you back

It's true
The way I feel
Was promised by your face
The sound of your voice
Painted on my memories
Even if you're not with me
I'm with you
You
Now I see
Keeping everything inside
(With You)
You
Now I see
Even when I close my eyes
(With You)
You
Now I see
Keeping everything inside
(With You)
You
Now I see
Even when I close my eyes

No
No matter how far we've come
I can't wait to see tomorrow
No matter how far we've come by
I can't wait to see tomorrow
With you

You
Now I see
Keeping everything inside
(With You)
You
Now I see
Even when I close my eyes
(With You)

Linkin Park - My December lyrics

2009-03-01T09:47:00.000-08:00

his is my December
this is my time of the year
this is my December
this is all so clear
this is my december
this is my snow covered home
this is my December
this is me alone

and I
just wish that I didn't feel
like there was something I missed
and I
take back all the things I said
to make you feel like that
and I
just wish that I didn't feel
like there was something I missed
and I
take back all the things that I said to you

and I'd give it all away
just to have somewhere to go to
give it all away
to have someone to come home to

this is my December
these are my snow covered dreams
this is me pretending
this is all I need

and I
just wish that I didn't feel
like there was something I missed
and I take back all the things I said
to make you feel like that
and I
just wish that I didn't feel
like there was something I missed
and I take back all the things that I said to you

and I'd give it all away
just to have somewhere to go to
give it all away
to have someone to come home to

this is my December
this is my time of the year
this is my December
this is all so clear

give it all away
just to have somewhere to go to
give it all away
to have someone to come home to

give it all away
just to have somewhere to go to
give it all away
to have someone to come home to

Linkin Park - Forgotten lyrics

2009-03-01T09:46:00.000-08:00

From the top to the bottom
Bottom to top I stop
At the core Iave forgotten
In the middle of my thoughts
Taken far from my safety
The picture is there
The memory wonat escape me
But why should I care
Thereas a place so dark you canat see the end
(Skies cock back) and shock that which canat defend
The rain then sends dripping / an acidic question
Forcefully, the power of suggestion
Then with the eyes tightly shut / looking thought the rust and rot
And dust / a spot of light floods the floor
And pours over the rusted world of pretend
The eyes ease open and its dark again
In the memory youall find me
Eyes burning up
The darkness holding me tightly
Until the sun rises up
Moving all around / screaming of the ups and downs
Pollution manifested in perpetual sound
The wheels go round and the sunset creeps past the
Street lamps, chain - link and concrete
A little piece of paper with a picture drawn floats
On down the street till the wind is gone
The memory now is like the picture was then
When the paperas crumpled up it canat be perfect again
Now you got me caught in the act
You bring the thought back
Iam telling you that
I see it right through you

Linkin Park - Run Away lyrics

2009-03-01T09:45:00.000-08:00

Graffiti decorations
Underneath a sky of dust
A constant wave of tension
On top of broken trust
The lessons that you taught me
I learn were never true
Now I find myself in question
They point the finger at me again
Guilty by association
You point the finger at me again

I wanna run away
Never say goodbye
I wanna know the truth
Instead of wondering why
I wanna know the answers
No more lies
I wanna shut the door
And open up my mind

Paper bags and angry voices
Under a sky of dust
Another wave of tension
Has more than filled me up
All my talk of taking action
These words were never true
Now I find myself in question
They point the finger at me again
Guilty by association
You point the finger at me again

I wanna run away
Never say goodbye
I wanna know the truth
Instead of wondering why
I wanna know the answers
No more lies
I wanna shut the door
And open up my mind

Gonna run away...

Linkin Park - Hit The Floor lyrics

2009-03-01T09:44:00.000-08:00

There are just too many,
Times that people,
Have tried to look inside of me,
Wondering what I think of you,
When I protect you out of courtesy,
To many times that I've,
Held on when I needed to push away,
Afraid to say what was on my mind,
Afraid to say what I need to say,
Too many,
Things that you've said about me,
When I'm not around,
You think having the upperhand,
Means you gotta keep putting me down,
But I've had too many,
Stand-offs with you,
Its about as much as I can stand,
So I'm waiting until the upperhand,
Is mine,

[Chorus:]
One minute you're on top!!!
The next you're not,
Watch it drop,
Making your heart stop!!!
Just before you hit the floor,
One minute you're on top!!!
The next you're not,
Missed your shot,
Making you're heart stop!!!
You think you've won,
And then its all gone!!

So many,
People like me,
Put so much trust in all your lies,
So concerned on what you think,
To just say what we feel inside,
So many,
People like me,
Walk on eggshells all day long,
All I know is that all I want,
Is to feel like I'm not stepped on,
There are so many,
Things you say,
That make me feel you've crossed the line,
What goes up will surely fall,
And I'm counting down the time,
'Cause I've had so many,
Stand-offs with you,
Its about as much as I can stand,
So I'm waiting until the upperhand,
Is mine,

[Chorus]

And then its all gone [3x]
Now its all gone.......

I know I'll never trust a single thing you say,
You knew your lies would divide us,
But you lied anyway,
And all the lies have got you floating up above us all,
But what goes up has got to fall,

[Chorus]

And then its all gone [3x]
Now its all gone!!

Linkin Park - Breaking The Habit lyrics

2009-03-01T09:43:00.000-08:00

Memories consume
Like opening the wound
I'm picking me apart again
You all assume
I'm safer in my room
Unless I try to start again

I don't want to be the one
Who battles always choose
Cuz inside I realize
That I'm the one confused

I don't know what's worth fighting for
Or why I have to scream
I don't know why I instigate
And say what I don't mean
I don't know how I got this way
I know it's not alright
So I'm breaking the habit
I'm breaking the habit tonight

Cultured my cure
I tightly lock the door
I try to catch my breath again
I hurt much more
Than anytime before
I have no options left again

I dont want to be the one
Who battles always choose
Cuz inside I realize
That I'm the one confused

I don't know what's worth fighting for
Or why I have to scream
I don't know why I instigate
And say what I don't mean
I don't know how I got this way
I'll never be alright
So, I'm breaking the habit
I'm breaking the habit tonight

I'll paint it on the walls
Cuz I'm the one that falls
I'll never fight again
And this is how it ends

I don't know what's worth fighting for
Or why I have to scream
But now I have some clarity
to show you what I mean
I don't know how I got this way
I'll never be alright
So, I'm breaking the habit
I'm breaking the habit
I'm breaking the habit tonight

Linkin Park - Points Of Authority lyrics

2009-03-01T09:41:00.000-08:00

Forfeit the game before somebody else
Takes you out of the frame and puts your name to shame
Cover up your face you can't run the race
The pace is too fast you just won't last

You love the way i look at you
While taking pleasure in the awful things you put me through
You take away if i give in
My life, My pride is broken

You like to think you're never wrong
(You live what you've learn)
You have to act like you're someone
(You live what you've learn)
You want someone to hurt like you
(You live what you've learn)
You want to share what you've been through
(You live what you've learn)

You love the things i say i'll do
The way i'll hurt myself again just to get back at you
You take away when i give in
My life, My pride is broken

You like to think you're never wrong
(You live what you've learn)
You have to act like you're someone
(You live what you've learn)
You want someone to hurt like you
(You live what you've learn)
You want to share what you've been through
(You live what you've learn)

Forfeit the game before somebody else
Takes you out of the frame and puts your name to shame
Cover up your face you can't run the race
The pace is too fast you just won't last

Forfeit the game before somebody else
Takes you out of the frame and puts your name to shame
Cover up your face you can't run the race
The pace is too fast you just won't last

You like to think you're never wrong
(You live what you've learn)
You have to act like you're someone
(You live what you've learn)
You want someone to hurt like you
(You live what you've learn)
You want to share what you've been through
(You live what you've learn)

You like to think you're never wrong
(You live what you've learn)
You have to act like you're someone
(You live what you've learn)
You want someone to hurt like you
(You live what you've learn)
You want to share what you've been through
(You live what you've learn)

Linkin Park - One Step Closer lyrics

2009-03-01T09:39:00.000-08:00

I cannot take this anymore
I'm saying everything I've said before
All these words they make no sense
I find bliss in ignorance
Less I hear the less you'll say
But you'll find that out anyway
Just like before...
Everything you say to me
Takes me one step closer to the edge
And I'm about to break
I need a little room to breathe
Cause I'm one step closer to the edge
And I'm about to break
I find the answers aren't so clear
Wish I could find a way to disappear
All these thoughts they make no sense
I find bliss in ignorance
Nothing seems to go away
Over and over again
Shut up when I'm talking to you

Linkin Park - Faint lyrics

2009-03-01T09:38:00.000-08:00

I am a little bit of loneliness a little bit of disregard
Handful of complaints but I cant help the fact that everybody can see
these scars
I am what I want you to want what I want you to feel
But it's like no matter what I do, I can't convince you, to just believe
this is real
So I let go, watching you, turn your back like you always do
Face away and pretend that I'm not
But I'll be here cause you want what I've got

[Chorus]
(I can't feel the way I did before)
(Don't turn your back on me)
(I won't be ignored)
(Time won't heal this damage anymore)
(Don't turn your back on me)
(I won't be ignored)

I am a little bit insecure a little unconfident
Cause you don't understand I do what I can but sometimes I don't make
sense
I say what you never wanna say but I've never had a doubt
It's like no matter what I do I can't convince you for once just to hear
me out
So I let go watching you turn your back like you always do
Face away and pretend that I'm not
But I'll be here 'cause youre all that I've got

[Chorus]
(I can't feel the way I did before)
(Don't turn your back on me)
(I won't be ignored)
(Time won't heal this damage anymore)
(Don't turn your back on me)
(I won't be ignored)

(Now)
(Hear me out now)
(You're gonna listen to me, like it or not)
(Right now)
(Hear me out now)
(You're gonna listen to me, like it or not)
(Right now)

(I can't feel the way I did before)
(Don't turn your back on me)
(I won't be ignored)

[Chorus]
(I can't feel the way I did before)
(Don't turn your back on me)
(I won't be ignored)
(Time won't heal this damage anymore)
(Don't turn your back on me)
(I won't be ignored)

[Chorus]
(I can't feel the way I did before)
(Don't turn your back on me)
(I won't be ignored)
(Time won't heal this damage anymore)
(Don't turn your back on me)
(I won't be ignored)

I can't feel
I won't be ignored
Time won't heal
Don't turn your back on me
I won't be ignored

Linkin Park - Crawling lyrics

2009-03-01T09:37:00.000-08:00

Crawling in my skin
These wounds they will not heal
Fear is how i fall
Confusing what is real

There's something inside me that pulls beneath
The surface
Consuming, confusing
This lack of self-control I fear is never ending
Controlling, I can't seem
To find myself again
My walls are closing in
(Without a sense of confindence, I'm convinced there's just too much pressure to take)
I've felt this way before so insecure

Crawling in my skin
These wounds they will not heal
Fear is how I fall
Confusing what is real

Discompfort endlessly has pulled itself upon me
Distracting, reacting
Against my will I stand beside my own reflection
It's haunting how I can't seem to find myself again
My walls are closing in
(Without a sense of confindence, I'm convinced there's just too much pressure to take)
I've felt this way before
So insecure

Crawling in my skin
These wounds they will not heal
Fear is how I fall
Confusing what is real

Crawling in my skin
These wounds they will not heal
Fear is how I fall
Confusing, confusing what is real

*[In background]
(There's something inside me that pulls beneath the surface consuming, confusing
This lack of self control I fear is never ending, controlling)

Linkin Park - Papercut lyrics

2009-03-01T09:35:00.000-08:00

bleed it out linkin park download

2009-03-01T09:18:00.000-08:00

Linkin Park Live - Breaking The Habit download

2009-03-01T05:02:00.000-08:00

Linkin Park - What I've Done download

2009-03-01T04:51:00.000-08:00

Linkin Park - Somewhere I Belong download

2009-03-01T04:42:00.000-08:00

Busta Rhymes feat. Linkin Park - We Made It

2009-03-01T04:37:00.000-08:00

http://rapidshare.com/files/12464704/Busta_Rhymes_-_Genesis.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/13875806/Busta_Rhymes_-_Genesis.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/96408758/Busta_Rhymes_-_Dangerous.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/100041472/Busta_Rhymes_-_Touch_It__Remix___Feat._Mary_J._Blige__Rah_Digga__Missy_Elliott__Lloyd_Banks__Papoose

http://rapidshare.com/files/141609459/Kat_Deluna_Feat._Busta_Rhymes_-_Run_The_Show.mp3

http://rapidshare.com/files/135757097/13-lil_wayne-la_la__feat._brisco_and_busta_rhymes_.mp3

LINKIN PARK ANIMATION

2009-02-27T05:36:00.000-08:00

LINKIN PARK DOWNLOAD

2009-02-27T05:30:00.000-08:00

http://rapidshare.com/files/174264316/Linkin_Park_-_Crawling___Linkin_Park_-_From_The_Inside.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/174264316/Linkin_Park_-_Crawling___Linkin_Park_-_From_The_Inside.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/8225480/Linkin_Park_-_Numb.mp3
http://rapidshare.com/files/8225480/Linkin_Park_-_Numb.mp3

http://rapidshare.com/files/15521179/Linkin_Park_-_Meteroa.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/15521179/Linkin_Park_-_Meteroa.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/3658334/Linkin_Park__Numb_.mpg
http://rapidshare.com/files/3658334/Linkin_Park__Numb_.mpg

http://rapidshare.com/files/49234305/Linkin_Park_-_Crawling.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/49234305/Linkin_Park_-_Crawling.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/1462911/Linkin_Park_-_Papercut.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/1462911/Linkin_Park_-_Papercut.rar

rapid share links for metallica album

2009-02-26T08:43:00.000-08:00

http://rs87.rapidshare.com/files/29275909/Metallica_-_For_Whom_The_Bell_Tolls__live_.mpg

http://rapidshare.com/files/129857749/Metallica_-_02_-_For_Whom_The_Bell_Tolls__live_.mp3

http://rapidshare.com/files/151019608/mini.goddess.10.for.whom.the.bell.tolls.-.the.secret.of.the.diamond._axp.dvdrip_._dual.audio_._0706E

http://rapidshare.com/files/5279898/Talespin_-_139_-_From_Whom_the_Bell_Klangs_Part_1__Wutang700_.part1.rar

os GALLERY

2009-02-23T08:22:00.001-08:00

GELLERY OF DIFFERENT OPERATING SYSTEMS

2009-02-23T08:14:00.000-08:00

BeOS Operating System

Debian GNU/Linux OS

2009-02-23T08:13:00.001-08:00

The Debian GNU /Linux Project team is a special one under the distributors since it does not pursue any commercial targets. Since the foundation by Ian Murdock on 16th August 1993 Debian is cared by voluntary developers and supported by the FSF. Ian Murdock conducted the team to 1996. The name Debian gets together from Deb for Ian Murdock's Wife Debra and his first name together. Only software which was published completely under the GPL flows into the Debian distribution. Developed in Germany the main area lies more in Europe. Specified versions exist for Intel x86 and ARM systems. As unusual feature a format of one's own is used for the installation by software packages (Deb), just like the packet format RPM it resolves the dependences automatically, though according after another principle. The GUI Gnomes become preferred as standard. Up till now only a simple text mode for the installation is available. Debian has got synonymous for quality and stability. The code names as of release 1.1 are from figures from the digital cartoon film Toy Story.

Debian GNU/Linux

2009-02-23T08:11:00.001-08:00

Debian GNU/Linux 4.0 supports altogether 11 processor architectures, the software KDE 3.5.5 a, gnomes 2.14 and Xfce 4.4 were updated. The graphic interface for the installation was replaced and is available in 58 languages. At the installation also cryptographic software can be selected from more than 18,000 programmes. The compatibility with the FHS 2.3 and the LSB 3.1 is granted to.

File structure (first level) of Linux and derivatives

2009-02-23T08:09:00.000-08:00

/ - Root-Directory
/bin - system tools
/boot - kernel, bootmanager
/cdrom - Mount-Point for CD-ROM drives (optional)
/dev - device files
/etc - configuration files
/floppy - Mount-Point for floppy drive(optional)
/home - user directory
/lib - shared Libraries
/mnt - mount Verzeichnis
/opt - additional software, GUI
/proc - system informations
/root - root user directory
/sbin - system programs for root
/tmp - temporary files
/usr - applications for the GUI, source code (kernel)
/var - various files, log files

eset nod32 the best antivirus for ever

2009-02-23T07:57:00.000-08:00

The alltime best antivirus forever is ESET's nod32 antivirus it almost protects PC from all trojan infection's and it is a novel based program developed in order to wnsre max protection

Best Virus Protection & Detection of Known and Evolving Threats, AV-Comparatives "Best Antivirus Product of 2006"
* Fastest Performance of Antivirus Software on average 3 to 34 times faster than the competition.
* Lowest Resource Utilization - Compare antivirus software and you'll discover that NOD32 is by far one of the smallest applications in the industry, see the graph here..

Methods for Handling Deadlocks

2009-02-21T20:51:00.000-08:00

Ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock state.

Allow the system to enter a deadlock state and then recover.

Ignore the problem and pretend that deadlocks never occur in the system; used by most operating systems, including UNIX.

Ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock state.

Allow the system to enter a deadlock state and then recover.

Ignore the problem and pretend that deadlocks never occur in the system; used by most operating systems, including UNIX.

Deadlock Prevention

Mutual Exclusion – not required for sharable resources; must hold for non-sharable resources.

Hold and Wait – must guarantee that whenever a process requests a resource, it does not hold any other resources.

Require process to request and be allocated all its sources before it begins execution, or allow process to request resources only when the process has none. Low resource utilization; starvation possible. Restrain the ways request can be made.

No Preemption – If a process that is holding some resources requests another resource that cannot be immediately allocated to it, then all resources currently being held are released.

Preempted resources are added to the list of resources for which the process is waiting.

Process will be restarted only when it can regain its old resources, as well as the new ones that it is requesting.

Circular Wait – impose a total ordering of all resource types, and require that each process requests resources in an increasing order of enumeration

Safe, Unsafe , Deadlock State

2009-02-21T20:37:00.000-08:00

Safe, Unsafe , Deadlock State

Resource-Allocation Graph Algorithm

Claim edge Pi → Rj indicated that process Pj may request resource Rj; represented by a dashed

line.

Claim edge converts to request edge when a process requests a resource.

When a resource is released by a process, assignment edge reconverts to a claim edge.

Resources must be claimed a priori in the system.

Resource-Allocation Graph For Deadlock Avoidance

Unsafe State In Resource-Allocation Graph

Banker’s Algorithm

Multiple instances.

Each process must a priori claim maximum use.

When a process requests a resource it may have to wait.

When a process gets all its resources it must return them in a finite amount of time.

Data Structures for the Banker’s Algorithm

Available: Vector of length m. If available [j] = k, there are k instances of resource type Rj available.

Max: n x m matrix. If Max [i,j] = k, then process Pi may request at most k instances of resource type Rj.

Allocation: n x m matrix. If Allocation [i,j] = k then Pi is currently allocated k instances of Rj.

Need: n x m matrix. If Need [i,j] = k, then Pi may need k more instances of Rj to complete its task.

Need [i,j] = Max [i,j] – Allocation [i,j].

Let n = number of processes, and m = number of resources types.

Safety Algorithm

1. Let Work and Finish be vectors of length m and n, respectively. Initialize:

Work = Available

Finish [i] = false for i - 1,3, …, n.

2. Find and i such that both:

(a) Finish [i] = false

(b) Needi ≤ Work

If no such i exists, go to step 4.

3. Work = Work + Allocation i

Finish [i] = true

go to step 2.

4. If Finish [i] == true for all i, then the system is in a safe state.

Resource-Request Algorithm for Process Pi

Request = request vector for process Pi. If Request i [j] = k

then process Pi wants k instances of resource type Rj.

1. If Request i ≤ Need i go to step 2. Otherwise, raise error condition, since process has

exceeded its maximum claim.

2. If Request i ≤ Available, go to step 3. Otherwise Pi must wait, since resources are not available.

3. Pretend to allocate requested resources to Pi by modifying the state as follows:

Available = Available = Request i;

Allocation i = Allocation i + Request i;

Need i = Need i – Request i;;

• If safe _ the resources are allocated to Pi.

• If unsafe _ Pi must wait, and the old resource-allocation state is restored

Example of Banker’s Algorithm

5 processes P0 through P4; 3 resource types A (10 instances),

B (5instances, and C (7 instances).

Snapshot at time T0: Allocation Max Availabl

A B C A B C A B C

P0 0 1 0 7 5 3 3 3 2

P1 2 0 0 3 2 2

P2 3 0 2 9 0 2

P3 2 1 1 2 2 2

P4 0 0 2 4 3 3

The content of the matrix. Need is defined to be Max – Allocation.

Need

A B C

P0 7 4 3

P1 1 2 2

P2 6 0 0

P3 0 1 1

P4 4 3 1

The system is in a safe state since the sequence < P1, P3, P4, P2, P0> satisfies safety criteria.

Check that Request ≤ Available (that is, (1,0,2) ≤ (3,3,2) _ true.

Allocation Need Available

A B C A B C A B C

P0 0 1 0 7 4 3 2 3 0

P1 3 0 2 0 2 0

P2 3 0 1 6 0 0

P3 2 1 1 0 1 1

P4 0 0 2 4 3 1

Executing safety algorithm shows that sequence <P1, P3, P4, P0, P2> satisfies safety requirement.

Can request for (3,3,0) by P4 be granted?

Can request for (0,2,0) by P0 be granted?

Deadlock Detection

Allow system to enter deadlock state

Detection algorithm

Recovery scheme

Single Instance of Each Resource Type

Maintain wait-for graph

Nodes are processes.

Pi → Pj if Pi is waiting for Pj.

Periodically invoke an algorithm that searches for a cycle in the graph.

An algorithm to detect a cycle in a graph requires an order of n2 operations, where n is the number of vertices in the graph.

Resource-Allocation Graph and Wait-for Graph

Resource-Allocation Graph Corresponding wait-for graph

Several Instances of a Resource Type

Available: A vector of length m indicates the number of available resources of each type.

Allocation: An n x m matrix defines the number of resources of each type currently allocated

to each process.

Request: An n x m matrix indicates the current request of each process. If Request [ij] = k,

then process Pi is requesting k more instances of resource type. Rj.

Detection Algorithm

1. Let Work and Finish be vectors of length m and n, respectively Initialize:

(a) Work = Available

(b) For i = 1,2, …, n, if Allocation i ≠ 0, then

Finish [i] = false; otherwise, Finish [i] = true.

2. Find an index i such that both:

(a) Finish [i] == false

(b) Request i ≤ Work

If no such i exists, go to step 4.

3. Work = Work + Allocation i

Finish [i] = true

go to step 2.

4. If Finish [i] == false, for some i, 1 ≤ i ≤ n, then the system is in deadlock state.

Moreover, if Finish [i] == false, then Pi is deadlocked.

Algorithm requires an order of O (m x n2) operations to detect whether the system is in deadlocked state.

Example of Detection Algorithm

Five processes P0 through P4; three resource types

A (7 instances), B (2 instances), and C (6 instances).

Snapshot at time T0:

Allocation Request Available

A B C A B C A B C

P0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P1 2 0 0 2 0 2

P2 3 0 3 0 0 0

P3 2 1 1 1 0 0

P4 0 0 2 0 0 2

Sequence <P0, P2, P3, P1, P4> will result in Finish [i] = true for all i.

P2 requests an additional instance of type C.

Request

A B C

P0 0 0 0

P1 2 0 1

P2 0 0 1

P3 1 0 0

P4 0 0 2

State of system?

Can reclaim resources held by process P0, but insufficient resources to fulfill other processes; requests.

Deadlock exists, consisting of processes P1, P2, P3, and P4.

Detection-Algorithm Usage

When, and how often, to invoke depends on:

1. How often a deadlock is likely to occur?

2. How many processes will need to be rolled back?

3. one for each disjoint cycle

if detection algorithm is invoked arbitrarily, there may be many cycles in the resource graph

and so we would not be able to tell which of the many deadlocked processes “caused” the deadlock.

MY OPINION ON AMD PROCESSOR

2009-02-05T08:54:00.000-08:00

I thought AMD would perform better than intel and i purchased AMD dual core 64 bit processor and ASUS motherboard ..
But this combination is worst i chosed every time my system hangs up and remember one thing that linux works on only intel compatible systems ....
For all time Intel is the best for ever

WHY TO USE LINUX

2009-02-04T09:11:00.000-08:00

Linux is an open source operating system means that any one one can use it and distribute and edit code of that program as per your requirements.......

Advantages-> > . Linux systems are less prone to virus attacks
. Linux systems are more secure
.File protection is there upto maximum extent due to which these are systems less prone to viruses and trojans
.Linux got many 3D features

SPRING SPREE 2009

2009-02-04T08:44:00.000-08:00

NIT WARANGAL Spring spree was an awesome recreation it was an heaven of enjoyment ....and many people were glad to see the occasion including director sri VY rao

Many students for all corners of the country have participated and made their part of the program

Indian military Academy

2009-01-31T09:33:00.000-08:00

Valour and Wisdom", the motto of the Indian Military Academy, as signified by the cross swords and flaming torch of the Academy Crest, is manifest in the action and deeds of officers of the Indian Army. Faced with hostile neighbours, a long border and a none too stable internal situation in some parts, the Indian Army has had to confront challenges to the integrity of the Nation. That it has given a good account of itself both in peace and war is a credit to the Indian Army's gallant soldiers and the officers who have led them. Credit for the leadership of the Army can be apportioned to the alumni of the Indian Military Academy, through whose portals have passed most of its officers.

Till the outbreak of the Second World War, the strength of the GCS at the Academy remained unchanged; however, the infrastructure for training facilities improved, Between December 1934 and May 1941 sixteen regular courses passed out of the Academy and 524 GCS were commissioned. The German invasion of France in May 1941 saw an increase in the number of entrants, a change in entrant categories and altered duration of the course. From August 1941 to January 1946, the Academy commissioned 3887 Indian and British gentlemen cadets. To accommodate the surge in the number of GCS and faculty members, temporary structures were built, the present East and West Blocks being of that vintage.

Armed Forces Insurance

2009-01-31T09:31:00.001-08:00

AFI was founded in 1887 by military leaders with a single mission: to protect the people who protect our nation. The company provides premium quality, competitively-priced property and casualty insurance to military professionals throughout the United States and overseas. Headquartered in Leavenworth, Kansas, AFI understands that military members have unique circumstances and insurance needs, enabling the company to offer a level of personalized service that's unequaled in the industry. For more information, visit the Web site at www.afi.org or call 1-800-495-8234.

the Bell Helicopter Armed Forces Bowl

2009-01-31T09:27:00.000-08:00

The Bell Helicopter Armed Forces Bowl, owned and operated by ESPN Regional Television (ERT), will be televised live from Amon G. Carter Stadium on Wednesday, December 31, at 11 a.m. (CST) on ESPN. The Bell Helicopter Armed Forces Bowl will feature schools from Conference USA and the Mountain West Conference.

With Patriotic overtones featuring all five branches of the military, the 2008 Bell Helicopter Armed Forces Bowl will include a free fanfest area hosted by Armed Forces Insurance and will showcase military hardware from all branches of service; a flyover; a demonstration by one of the top military skydiving teams; induction ceremonies on the field; a military band and honor guard; and the half-time presentation of the Armed Forces Insurance “Great American Patriot Award.”

A Textron Inc. Company, Bell Helicopter agreed August 23, 2006, to be the title partner for the post-season college football game formerly known as the PlainsCapital Fort Worth Bowl (2003, 2004) and the Fort Worth Bowl (2005), which is now the Armed Forces Bowl. With those changes, the official name is the Bell Helicopter Armed Forces Bowl. On December 6, 2007, Bell Helicopter exercised its option for title partnership of the game for 2008 and 2009.

Ticket prices for the Bell Helicopter Armed Forces Bowl are $50 for sideline seats, $40 for upper deck seats and $15 for end-zone tickets. Military veterans receive half off any $50 or $40 seat and active-duty personnel get in free via the Bell Helicopter Armed Forces Bowl corporate military ticket underwriting program. A portion of local ticket sales will go to designated military charities

Armed forces of India

2009-01-31T08:52:00.000-08:00

The Government of India is responsible for the safety and security of the country. The country has an integrated and an advanced defense system. The primary military organization in the country is the Armed Forces which comprises of three wings-the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the armed forces. However, responsibility for national defense rests with the Cabinet. This is executed through the Ministry of Defence, which provides guidelines to the Armed Forces to fulfill their responsibilities in the context of the defense of the country.

The Indian armed forces include few Auxiliary forces such as the Indian Paramilitary Forces, the Indian Coast Guard, and the Strategic Forces Command. Some analysts have predicted India to possess the fourth most capable concentration of power by 2015. It is currently the third largest armed force in the world.

India became a nuclear power in 1998 by successfully conducting underground nuclear tests. This was followed by international military sanctions which were gradually withdrawn after September 2001. Recently, India has signed a nuclear deal with United States that would allow the United States to supply civilian nuclear technology to India and nuclear fuel to Indian reactors. India has adopted a “No first use nuclear policy”.

India: Police Organisation in Different States

2009-01-31T08:44:00.000-08:00

States/ Union Territories	Area(In Square Kms)	Police Stations	Actual Police strength			No. of Policemen per 100 Sq. Km. area	No. of Policemen per 100,000 population
States/ Union Territories	Area(In Square Kms)	Police Stations	Civil	Armed	Total	No. of Policemen per 100 Sq. Km. area	No. of Policemen per 100,000 population
ANDHRA PRADESH	275045	1579	66643	12653	79296	28.2	98
ARUNACHAL PRADESH	83743	69	2961	2481	5442	6.5	464
ASSAM	78438	259	28341	23708	52049	66.4	178
BIHAR	94163	757	43273	8350	51623	54.8	57
CHHATTISGARH	135191	350	18147	11948	30095	22.3	131
GOA	3702	26	3077	445	3522	95.1	227
GUJARAT	196024	474	67761	16217	83978	42.8	152
HARYANA	44212	212	29201	5279	34480	78.0	149
HIMACHAL PRADESH	55673	87	8818	3255	12073	21.7	187
JAMMU & KASHMIR	101387	175	39103	20106	59209	58.4	505
JHARKHAND	79714	333	25730	3036	28766	36.1	98
KARNATAKA	191791	824	48011	4041	52052	27.1	92
KERALA	38863	456	35687	7857	43544	112.0	129
MADHYA PRADESH	308245	939	55298	21067	76365	24.8	114
MAHARASTRA	307713	942	140089	13539	153628	49.9	147
MANIPUR	22327	59	5204	9047	14251	63.8	554
MEGHALAYA	22429	27	5635	3295	8930	39.8	360
MIZORAM	21081	35	2953	4416	7369	35.0	768
NAGALAND	16579	44	5497	6450	11947	72.1	558
ORISSA	155707	465	27913	10839	38752	24.9	99
PUNJAB	50362	273	52196	19731	71927	142.8	276
RAJASTHAN	342239	725	54766	10622	65388	19.1	104
SIKKIM	7096	27	1984	1682	3666	51.7	631
TAMILNADU	130058	1432	69913	14327	84240	64.8	129
TRIPURA	10486	56	8166	12136	20302	193.6	591
UTTAR PRADESH	240928	1458	119893	33040	152933	63.5	83
UTTARANCHAL	53483	122	9518	4009	13527	25.3	146
WEST BENGAL	88752	465	61393	19178	80571	90.8	94
TOTAL(STATES)	3155431	12670	1037171	302754	1339925	42.5	112
A & N ISLANDS	8249	22	2204	541	2745	33.3	693
CHANDIGARH	114	11	3644	419	4063	3564.0	398
D & N HAVELI	491	2	217	0	217	44.2	87
DAMAN & DIU	112	3	222	0	222	198.2	123
DELHI	1483	130	46694	9739	56433	3805.3	348
LAKSHDWEEP	32	9	301	0	301	968.8	463
PONDICHERRY	492	44	1437	669	2106	428.0	201
TOTAL( UTs)	10973	221	54728	11368	66096	602.4	344
TOTAL (ALL-INDIA )	3166404	12891	1091899	314122	1406021	44.4	126

Islamist extremism related Incidents in Andhra Pradesh

2009-01-31T08:40:00.000-08:00

Sl. No.	Date	Place	Incident
1	March 6	Hyderabad	Police arrested an agent of the Pakistani external intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), identified as Billah, following information provided by a terror suspect arrested in Karnataka. Billah was reportedly named by Raziuddin Naser, who was arrested in Karnataka in January 2008 in connection with a plot to carry out terrorist attacks in Goa and Hyderabad. Some sensitive documents and compact discs were recovered from Billah, who had previously been booked for two cases filed in late 2004.
2	July 14	Chittoor	The Additional District Judge court at Madanapalli in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh sentenced to life imprisonment a Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT) militant Azad Ahmed Qureshi, who was arrested in Madanapalli on July 3, 2007. The 29-year-old Qureshi, a native of Kashmir, was sentenced and fined INR 12,000 under sections 121, 121a and 468 of the Indian Penal Code for waging war against India, conspiracy to wage war and forgery in the preparation of election identity cards in Kashmir by the Judge.
3	July 15	Hyderabad	Police arrested Mohammed Muqeemuddin Yaser, a former member of the outlawed Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI), from his residence in the Saidabad area of Hyderabad, capital of Andhra Pradesh. Yaser, who is a MBA student, is also the eldest son of Maulana Naseeruddin, the founder president of Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Shaan-e-Islam (TTSI) and is presently lodged at the Sabarmati jail in Ahmedabad for his alleged role in the assassination of the former Gujarat home minister Haren Pandya. Yaser’s younger brother Raziuddin Naser, a suspect in the twin blast cases in Hyderabad in August 2007, was arrested by the Karnataka Police in January 2008 for planning terrorist attacks in Karnataka and Goa.
4	September 1	Hyderabad	The Hyderabad Police arrested a person identified as Jaber for suspected links with the SIMI. Hyderabad City Commissioner of Police B. Prasada Rao said, "Jaber has been arrested for his alleged links with the banned SIMI and sharing material with SIMI head Safdar Nagori." Jaber, son of Moulana Naseeruddin, is a Hyderabad resident. Naseeruddin is an accused in the assassination of former Gujarat Home Minister Haren Pandya and is now in Sabarmati jail in Gujarat.
5	November 22	Hyderabad	Kerala Police arrested one Indian Mujahideen (IM) cadre, identified as Abdul Jabbar, from Rajendra Nagar police station limits. Jabbar reportedly belonged to Malappuram in Kerala and recruited youths from his home State for armed training in Jammu and Kashmir and in Pakistan occupied Kashmir. He had managed to escape from an encounter site in Jammu and Kashmir in October 2008. Investigation revealed that Jabbar is the relative of Abdul Sattar, another terror suspect. Jabbar confessed that he had received training in making bombs and assembling and dismantling of guns.
6	December 3	Hyderabad	A suspected terrorist involved in the May 18, 2007 Mecca Masjid blast case, identified as Vikar Ahmed, and his accomplice, identified as Amjad, and two others escaped after open firing at a three member police team, who tried to arrest them near the crowded Indira Seva Sadan cross road in the Santoshnagar area.
7	November 22	Hyderabad	Kerala Police arrested one Indian Mujahideen (IM) cadre, identified as Abdul Jabbar, from Rajendra Nagar police station limits. Jabbar reportedly belonged to Malappuram in Kerala and recruited youths from his home State for armed training in Jammu and Kashmir and in Pakistan occupied Kashmir. He had managed to escape from an encounter site in Jammu and Kashmir in October 2008. Investigation revealed that Jabbar is the relative of Abdul Sattar, another terror suspect. Jabbar confessed that he had received training in making bombs and assembling and dismantling of guns.
8	December 3	Hyderabad	A suspected terrorist involved in the May 18, 2007 Mecca Masjid blast case, identified as Vikar Ahmed, and his accomplice, identified as Amjad, and two others escaped after open firing at a three member police team, who tried to arrest them near the crowded Indira Seva Sadan cross road in the Santoshnagar area.

Red Salute to our INDIAN SOLDIERS

2009-01-31T08:38:00.000-08:00

In Batalik, you can't breathe normally. There is less oxygen there. The air is rarified. The lungs scream for oxygen. The blood vessels cry for oxygen. At 15000-ft, you are not normal. You cannot be. The human body is attuned to a certain altitude.

And that's where our soldiers are. Fighting the enemy. Facing the bullets. Dying alone in the snow. Falling to death from the high ridges. No one hears their scream. It's such a lonely death. A tiny piece of metal is all what it takes to die.

They are our infantrymen. The finest in the world. No other soldier has ever fought at these heights. At 15000ft, they can't move with ease. In Batalik, there are no tracks. Climb. Clamber. Crawl. A soldier carries a week's ration, ammunition, a 5.56mm assault rifle or a mortar or a rocket launcher. He carries over 20 kgs on his back as he pulls himself up on this rugged, cruel terrain.

He doesn't sleep. He doesn't have time to eat. He doesn't have time to urinate. Life is not what it is. Life is a shell. It is the terror of death. It is the courage of facing it. It is fear, raw, unalloyed, unrelenting.... the enemy is up there, somewhere hidden. It can see you, can track you down like a rat, can pick you out so effortlessly...and yet these men move, slowly but with determination to fight for the nation. To die for the nation.

You know how it feels to be up there in the cold, cold mountains, carrying a heavy backpack with a gnawing fear that you will never see your eight-year-old daughter. That sweet little thing with a ponytail and a smile that lights up your world. You may not hear her giggles, see her climb your shoulder, run around, throw her dolls in anger, paint the walls in doodles.... You will not be there for her.

You know what fear is. That is the fear. Not being there. Death is not what matters. What matter is that you will not matter anymore. And yet the soldiers go up the hills, like the charge of the light brigade, never asking questions, never expecting an answer. They know they have a duty, they have a pledge, they have a promise to keep. Their tryst with destiny.

It is not easy to imagine a soldier, an infantry man's life up there in Batalik, where the wind can sear your windpipe, chill your brains, make your eyes weep with pain and lungs cry out in sheer exhaustion. Brave. That is what these soldiers are. Brave in the face of death. Brave in the face of fear. Facing bullets. One hundered & Eighty of them are dead. Many more will die. Let not their death go waste, unacknowledged.

What is DSP?

2008-12-10T20:18:00.000-08:00

DSP, or Digital Signal Processing, as the term suggests, is the processing of signals by digital means. A signal in this context can mean a number of different things. Historically the origins of signal processing are in electrical engineering, and a signal here means an electrical signal carried by a wire or telephone line, or perhaps by a radio wave. More generally, however, a signal is a stream of information representing anything from stock prices to data from a remote-sensing satellite. The term "digital" comes from "digit", meaning a number (you count with your fingers - your digits), so "digital" literally means numerical; the French word for digital is numerique. A digital signal consists of a stream of numbers, usually (but not necessarily) in binary form. The processing of a digital signal is done by performing numerical calculations.

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

2008-12-10T07:45:00.000-08:00

Digital Signal Processing illuminates and explores the path of creativity in the field of signal processing. The journal publishes a diverse content of original research articles and reviews, covering new technologies, significant new programs, and breakthroughs in the field. Each article is critically peer-reviewed, ensuring top-quality research and information.

The journal is a time-saving aid to electronic engineers and to researchers, scientists, and corporate managers who want to keep abreast of vital research and information that is typically scattered among a number of separate publications.

Digital signal processing, a discipline that spans electrical engineering, computing, mathematics and the physical sciences, includes applications such as:

• Image processing
• Neural networks
• Pattern recognition
• Digital communications
• Biomedical applications
• Speech processing
• Underwater acoustics
• Radar signal processing
• Astronomy
• Geophysical data analysis

Papers published are categorized in the following disciplines:

• General methods (filters, filtering, etc.)
• Data Analysis
• Multichannel & multidimensional signal processing
• Speech and audio processing
• Image and multimedia processing
• Communications
• Implementation, design, and hardware
• Statistical signal processing
• Pattern recognition
• Information fusion
• Emerging techniques
• Education

ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS

2008-12-10T07:39:00.000-08:00

In many cases, the signal of interest is initially in the form of an analog electrical voltage or current, produced for example by a microphone or some other type of transducer.
In some situations, such as the output from the readout system of a CD (compact disc) player, the data is already in digital form. An analog signal must be converted into digital form before DSP techniques can be applied. An analog electrical voltage signal, for example, can be digitised using an electronic circuit called an analog-to-digital converter or ADC.
This generates a digital output as a stream of binary numbers whose values represent the electrical voltage input to the device at each sampling instant.

SIGNAL PROCESSING

2008-12-10T07:38:00.000-08:00

Signals commonly need to be processed in a variety of ways. For example, the output signal from a transducer may well be contaminated with unwanted electrical "noise". The electrodes attached to a patient's chest when an ECG is taken measure tiny electrical voltage changes due to the activity of the heart and other muscles. The signal is often strongly affected by "mains pickup" due to electrical interference from the mains supply. Processing the signal using a filter circuit can remove or at least reduce the unwanted part of the signal. Increasingly nowadays, the filtering of signals to improve signal quality or to extract important information is done by DSP techniques rather than by analog electronics.